Animal experiments are thus still inevitable for efficacy testing. Two-dimensional monocultures might produce false positive and false negative results when it comes to finding a specific drug for systemic application. However, a 2D monoculture setting is highly simplified relative to the complexity of an organism. Two-dimensional cell culture is a means to reduce animal experiments for example when potential drug candidates can be pre-screened for further evaluation. Hence, already in 1959, the 3R principles were introduced in the scientific community to refine, reduce, and ultimately replace animal experiments. We observed differences in oxygen, glucose, and drug concentrations in skin equivalents compared to the respective culture medium and to skin explants.Įthically responsible research and development aim for the replacement of animal experiments. Furthermore, we compared dermal penetration for acyclovir, lidocaine, and diclofenac in skin equivalents and skin explants. We tested our design with real-time measurements of oxygen, glucose, lactate, and pH in full-thickness skin equivalent and skin explants. We developed a sampling design that combines open flow microperfusion (OFM) sampling technology for continuous concentration measurements directly in the tissue with microfluidic biosensors for online monitoring of culture parameters. However, available systems such as the Franz diffusion chamber, only measure in the receiving culture medium, rather than assessing the actual conditions for cells in the tissue. Environmental parameters, such as the incubation and culture conditions affect cellular responses and thus the relevance of the experimental outcome. Skin equivalents and skin explants are widely used for dermal penetration studies in the pharmacological development of drugs.

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